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234.



I. Vowel suffixes: -

• 

• 1. o- (M., N.), á- (F.), found in nouns and adjectives of the first two declensions: as, sonus, lúdus, vagus, toga (root TEG).

  

• 2. i-, as in ovis, avis; in Latin frequently changed, as in rúpés, or lost, as in scobs (scobis, root SCAB).

  

• 3. u-, disguised in most adjectives by an additional i, as in suá-vis (for suád-vis, instead of suá-dus, cf. ), ten-uis (root TEN in tendó), and remaining alone only in nouns of the fourth declension, as acus (root AK, sharp, in ácer, aciés, ), pecú, genú.

  



II. Suffixes with a consonant: -



• 

• 1. to- (M., N.), tá- (F.), in the regular perfect passive participle, as téctus, téctum; sometimes with an active sense, as in pótus, pránsus; and found in a few words not recognized as participles, as pútus (cf. púrus), altus (aló).

  

• 2. ti- in abstracts and rarely in nouns of agency, as messis, vestis, pars, méns. But in many the i is lost.

  

• 3. tu- in abstracts (including supines), sometimes becoming concretes, as áctus, lúctus.

  

• 4. no- (M., N.), ná- (F.), forming perfect participles in other languages, and in Latin making adjectives of like participial meaning, which often become nouns, as mágnus, plénus, régnum.

  

• 5. ni-, in nouns of agency and adjectives, as ígnis, ségnis.

  

• 6. nu-, rare, as in manus, pínus, cornú.

  

• 7. mo- (má-), with various meanings, as in animus, almus, fírmus, forma.

  

• 8. vo- (vá-) (commonly uo-, uá-), with an active or passive meaning, as in equus (equos), arvum, cónspicuus, exiguus, vacívus (vacuus).

  

• 9. ro- (rá-), as in ager (stem ag-ro-), integer (cf. intáctus), sacer, plérí-que (cf. plénus, plétus).

  

• 10. lo- (lá-), as in caelum (for caed-lum), chisel, exemplum, sella (for sedla).

  

• 11. yo- (yá-), forming gerundives in other languages, and in Latin making adjectives and abstracts, including many of the first and fifth declensions, as eximius, aúdácia, Flórentia, perniciés.

  

• 12. ko- (ká-), sometimes primary, as in paucí (cf. o), locus (for stíocus). In many cases the vowel of this termination is lost, leaving a consonant stem: as, apex, cortex, loquáx.

  

• 13. en- (on-, én-, ón-), in nouns of agency and abstracts: as, aspergó, compágó (-inis), geró (-ónis).

  

• 14. men-, expressing means, often passing into the action itself: as, agmen, flúmen, fulmen.

  

• 15. ter- (tor-, tér-, tór-, tr-), forming nouns of agency: as, pater (i.e. protector), fráter (i.e. supporter), órátor.

  

• 16. tro-, forming nouns of means: as, claustrum (CLAUD), múlctrum (MULG).

  

• 17. es- (os-), forming names of actions, passing into concretes: as, genus (generis), tempus (see § 15. 4). The infinitive in -ere (as in reg-ere) is a locative of this stem (-er-e for -es-i).

  

• 18. nt- (ont-, ent-), forming present active participles: as, legéns, with some adjectives from roots unknown: as, frequéns, recéns.

  



The above, with some suffixes given below, belong to the Indo-European parent speech, and most of them were not felt as living formations in the Latin.