Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, section 79

Heavy Construction

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Irregular Nouns of the Third Declension.

79.

In many nouns the stem is irregularly modified in the nominative or other cases. Some peculiar forms are thus declined: -

bós, C. senex, M. caró, F. os, N. vís, F.
ox, cow old man flesh bone force

SINGULAR

NOM.
bós senex caró os vís
GEN. bovis senis carnis ossis vís (rare)
DAT. boví sení carní ossí ví (rare)
ACC. bovem senem carnem os vim
ABL. bove sene carne osse ví

PLURAL

cattle strength
NOM. bovés senés carnés ossa vírés
GEN. boum senum carnium ossium vírium
DAT. bóbus (búbus) senibus carnibus ossibus víribus
ACC. bovés senés carnés ossa vírís (-és)
ABL. bóbus (búbus) senibus carnibus ossibus víribus

sús, C. Iuppiter, M. nix, F. iter, N.
swine Jupiter snow march

SINGULAR
NOM. sús Iuppiter[1][Also íúpiter.] nix
GEN. suis Iovis nivis itineris
DAT. suí Ioví niví itinerí
ACC. suem Iovem nivem iter
ABL. sue Iove nive itinere

PLURAL
NOM. sués nivés itinera
GEN. suum nivium itinerum
DAT. súbus (suibus) nivibus itineribus
ACC. sués nivés itinera
ABL. súbus (suibus) nivibus itineribus

a. Two vowel-stems in ú-, grú- and sú-, which follow the third declension add s in the nominative, and are inflected like mute stems: grús has also a nominative gruis; sús has both suibus and súbus in the dative and ablative plural, grús has only gruibus.
b. In the stem bov- (bou-) the diphthong ou becomes ó in the nominative (bós, bovis).
In náv- (nau-) an i is added (návis, -is), and it is declined like turris (§ 67).
In Iov- ( Z) the diphthong (ou) becomes ú in Iú-piter (for -pater) genitive Iovis, etc.; but the form Iuppiter is preferred.
c. In iter, itineris (N.), iecur, iecinoris (iecoris) (N.), supelléx, supelléctili (F.), the nominative has been formed from a shorter stem; in senex, senis from a longer; so that these words show a combination of forms from two distinct stems.
d. In nix, nivis the nominative retains a g from the original stem, the uniting with s, the nominative ending, to form x. In the other cases the stem assumes the form niv- and it adds i in the genitive plural.
e. Vás (N.), vásis, keeps s throughout; plural vása, vásórum. A dative plural vásibus also occurs. There is a rare singular vásum.

	bós, C.	senex, M.	caró, F.	os, N.	vís, F.
	ox, cow	old man	flesh	bone	force
SINGULAR NOM.	bós	senex	caró	os	vís
GEN.	bovis	senis	carnis	ossis	vís (rare)
DAT.	boví	sení	carní	ossí	ví (rare)
ACC.	bovem	senem	carnem	os	vim
ABL.	bove	sene	carne	osse	ví
PLURAL	cattle				strength
NOM.	bovés	senés	carnés	ossa	vírés
GEN.	boum	senum	carnium	ossium	vírium
DAT.	bóbus (búbus)	senibus	carnibus	ossibus	víribus
ACC.	bovés	senés	carnés	ossa	vírís (-és)
ABL.	bóbus (búbus)	senibus	carnibus	ossibus	víribus

	sús, C.	Iuppiter, M.	nix, F.	iter, N.
	swine	Jupiter	snow	march
SINGULAR	NOM.	sús	Iuppiter[1][Also íúpiter.]	nix
GEN.	suis	Iovis	nivis	itineris
DAT.	suí	Ioví	niví	itinerí
ACC.	suem	Iovem	nivem	iter
ABL.	sue	Iove	nive	itinere
PLURAL NOM.	sués		nivés	itinera
GEN.	suum		nivium	itinerum
DAT.	súbus (suibus)		nivibus	itineribus
ACC.	sués		nivés	itinera
ABL.	súbus (suibus)		nivibus	itineribus
a. Two vowel-stems in ú-, grú- and sú-, which follow the third declension add s in the nominative, and are inflected like mute stems: grús has also a nominative gruis; sús has both suibus and súbus in the dative and ablative plural, grús has only gruibus. b. In the stem bov- (bou-) the diphthong ou becomes ó in the nominative (bós, bovis). In náv- (nau-) an i is added (návis, -is), and it is declined like turris (§ 67). In Iov- ( Z) the diphthong (ou) becomes ú in Iú-piter (for -pater) genitive Iovis, etc.; but the form Iuppiter is preferred. c. In iter, itineris (N.), iecur, iecinoris (iecoris) (N.), supelléx, supelléctili (F.), the nominative has been formed from a shorter stem; in senex, senis from a longer; so that these words show a combination of forms from two distinct stems. d. In nix, nivis the nominative retains a g from the original stem, the uniting with s, the nominative ending, to form x. In the other cases the stem assumes the form niv- and it adds i in the genitive plural. e. Vás (N.), vásis, keeps s throughout; plural vása, vásórum. A dative plural vásibus also occurs. There is a rare singular vásum.